Writer Herzen Biography

The latest news biography is a philosopher, writer and publicist, Russian liberal, who presented to contemporaries and future generations the memories of “past and thoughts”, a fierce critic of serfdom and the founder of an emphasis of printing, Alexander Herzen became one of the brightest symbols of the revolutionary struggle of the beginning of the twentieth century.

His literary heritage was banned up to a year, waiting in the hour after the October events. Childhood and youth were born the future light of the revolution in March in Moscow, in the famous house in Tversky Boulevard, which has survived to this day. Today the Literary Institute settled here. Herzen who was born here resembles a monument in the front garden.

The Yakovlevov clan, known and ancient, originates from the boyar from the times of Ivan Kalita named Andrei Kobyla, whom researchers call the first reliable ancestor of the Romanov House. Ironically, Alexander Herzen, who had a distant relationship with the Russian kings, became one of the coffin of the monarchical system. Different surnames with the father are explained by the illegal birth of a boy.

His mother is a summer German Henrietta Hague, the daughter of a small official from Stuttgart, Summer Ivan Yakovlev brought to Moscow from Germany, where he lived for a long time. The landowner was not going to marry a young mistress, but he recognized his son and even came up with his surname, translated from German designating the “son of the heart”. The parent of little Sasha possessed an extravagant and heavy disposition.

He gave his son's education at his discretion. In childhood and youth, Alexander was told about the achievements of the French Revolution and allowed to read the freedom -loving works of Pushkin and the books of the "Enlighteners" of Rousseau and Voltaire. At that time, the boy turned 8 years old, but Yakovlev indicated after 3 years the summer Sasha was assigned the rank of college registrar, the lower rank in the ranks.

As a teenager, Herzen met with Nikolai Ogarev, with whom the Yakovlevs were in a distant relationship. The boys came together in sympathy to the Decembrists and, walking along the Sparrow Hills, vowed to give their lives "in the struggle for the good of the Motherland." Later, Russian liberals gave this event in Herzen's biography the importance of historical. At 18, Alexander Herzen entered the university, choosing a physical and mathematical bias.

Public activity at the university around Herzen and Ogarev formed a circle of like-minded people who admired the democracy, the French revolution, which came after it terror, the constitution and utopian socialism of Saint-Simon. Portrait of the writer Alexander Herzen. The youth with screams and a clatter achieved that Malov leave the audience. The teacher was fired, but the instigators of the riots were thrown into the punishment cell.

This student rebellion, in which Herzen actively participated, was later called the first manifestation of the student movement, crowned with victory. After Malovsky History, the police established monitoring of activists. Soon after leaving the university, in M, Herzen was arrested. Young revolutionaries, participating in a feast, sang "rebellious" songs. Herzen worked as a small official and wrote articles to the capital's magazines.

The heir and the exhibition and the guide liked it. Vasily Zhukovsky, who filed a petition for a young man's pretty to him, was finally replacing the anger of the monarch of the family to mercy. In the same year, Alexander Herzen was transferred to Vladimir, and after 2 years they removed from police supervision. He returned to Moscow. In M Herzen, a high position was offered in the northern capital, in the Ministry of the Interior.

Before leaving for St. Petersburg, the revolutionary joined the Moscow circle of Nikolai Stankevich, reorienting the adherents of Hegel's conservative philosophy on revolutionary radical rails. In the ministry, the official lingered for a year: Herzen’s letter fell into the hands of the police, in which he scolded the department in every way. For criticism, he was lowered and sent to Novgorod as an adviser to the city province.

Here he became a star of salons and shone with oratory. Having taken the pseudonym Iskander, he printed articles and works of art. In these years, he worked on the novel “Who is to blame? In the spring, the writer's father died. And in January next year, Herzen inherited a huge fortune went to Europe. His house in Sivtsevo was preserved. In the middle of X there was a museum of the thinker.

Literature and philosophical views in Paris the views of the publicist "flooded." After the February Revolution, which Herzen warmly greeted, and the bloody suppression of the workers' uprising, he finally leaned towards socialism and became close to the revolutionaries-radicals. Together with Proudhon, he produced the newspaper "The Voice of the People", taking on financing.

Materialism and atheism to Alexander Herzen became closer. After his refusal, the exile and ban on returning to the end of his life followed. In Russia, Herzen was not forgotten. Nekrasovsky magazine "Contemporary" published his "Letters from Avenue Marigna", fiction works, stories about life in France, his ideas for the arrangement of Russia. To avoid persecution, Alexander Vladimirovich and his family moved to Nice.Here, having recovered from family troubles and a series of tragedies, Herzen continued to write literary reviews, articles and books.

With the end of the revolution of the hope of the Russian emigrant, they collapsed in Europe. His radical views and philosophy did not become popular in the West. In the journalism of Herzen, notes of disappointment of order in Europe sounded. Now he argued that the peasant community is an embryo of socialism, which, with further development, will turn into a fair society.

At the same time, Europe, immersed in “bourgeois philistinism”, is far from perfect. In m, after the arrest of Nicholas I in Russia, the property of Herzen and his mother for revolutionary activities, the publicist and the writer went to London. In the middle of X, he opened a printing house where he printed the Almanac "Polar Star". A year later, Ogarev joined him. In the summer of the year, the first issue of the Bell magazine was released, where the emigrants advocated the abolition of serfdom and democracy in Russia.

The Poles advocated the restoration of the Commonwealth to the Dnieper. The calls of the “bell” to the Russian soldiers to cross the side of the Poles outraged the admirers of the magazine. The circulation fell 6 times, to half a hundred copies. In Russia, Herzen was despised and criticized. And in the middle of the X, the politician was forced to move to Geneva: the British government succumbed to the pressure of Russian and invited Alexander Ivanovich to leave the country.

In the summer, the “bell” closed. Five years earlier, the same fate befell the “polar star”. In the year, a full version of Herzen's memoirs “Past and Duma” came out. Memoirs are of interest as a historical source and occupy a prominent place in bibliography. Personal life about how the writer looked like in his youth can be judged by the portrait of Herzen's brush A. Subtle, spiritualized face with burning dark eyes, women could not like.

One of them - Natalia Zakharyina - became Alexander's wife. Personal life of a couple is a plot for the novel. Natalia is Herzen's cousin, her father’s native niece. Spouses were married in Vladimir, where the revolutionary was serving a link at that time. The firstborn Sasha was born there, captured on the portrait with the father of the work of A. He became a famous physiologist, a professor who taught at the University of Lausanne.

In total, the spouses had 8 children, of which three survived. For some time, two families Gerweg were married under the same roof, until Herzen convicted his wife, assuring that she did not have a “carnal connection” with Georg, in treason. After the struggle scandal, Gerwegi left the house. Herzen doubted the paternity of Olga’s daughter born in M, but recognized the girl.

She lived to a very old age and died in years. A year after the appearance of the daughter, the family suffered grief. A ship drowned in the Mediterranean Sea, on which Herzen's mother with his 8-year-old son Kolya floated in Nice. Their bodies were never found.

A year later, in M ​​- Natalya Herzen died from childbirth. A few days later, the newborn son Vladimir died. From GO to the death of Alexander Ivanovich, they lived together. At the same time, friendship with Ogarev was not interrupted. In m Tuchkova, she gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth, and after 3 years twins. Lisa committed suicide at the age of 17, and the Gemini died of diphtheria.

Since Natalya Tuchkova did not divorce Ogarev, the children appeared from Herzen were officially considered the children of Nikolai Platonovich. Death in the fall of Go Herzen and Tuchkov moved to Paris. The French capital did not live long: in January, the writer died. The cause of death was pneumonia.