Yezhov biography briefly

The place of work, the BBC, Moscow on April 9, 75 years ago, on April 10, was arrested by the former People's Commissar of the USSR, Nikolai Yezhov, whom the poet Dzhambul called the Stalin Batyr, and his victims “bloody dwarf”. Few political figures, especially those who did not lead the state, gave their name to the era. Nikolai Yezhov - of their number. According to Alexander Twardowski, Stalin "knew how to transfer his mistakes to someone's account." The mass repressions of the years remained in history as a hedgehog, although it would be more fair to talk about the Stalinism.

He was called a dwarf because of growth - only a centimeter. Nikolai Yezhov was born on April 22, May 22, in the village of Vayvers of the Mariampolsky district of the Suvalka province, Lithuania is now. According to his biographer Alexei Pavlyukov, the father of the future People's Commissar Ivan Yezhov served in the police. Subsequently, Yezhov claimed that he was a hereditary proletarian, the son of a worker Putilov’s factory, and he himself managed to work as a locksmith in the same place, although in reality he studied a particularly tailor.

He also expressed the time of his accession to the Bolsheviks, he reported incorrect information: he indicated in the March of the year, while, according to the documents of the Vitebsk city organization of the RSDLP, this happened on August 3. In June, Yezhov volunteered to the army, and after a slight wound he was transferred to the post of clerk. He was drafted into the Red Army in April, and again served as a clerk at the school of military radio operators in Saratov.

Six months later, he became the commissar of the school. Yezhov’s career went uphill after transferring to Moscow in September. Five months later, the Central Committee Office sent him to the Secretary of the Provincial Committee to the Mari Autonomous Region. While the rest of the “leaders”, reveling in themselves, talked about the world revolution, Stalin and his employees fiddled with cards, which they brought into thousands of “promising party members”.

Only in the year, the Secretariat of the Central Committee and the accounting and distribution department created by Stalin made more than 10 thousand appointments in the party and state apparatus, and 42 secretaries of the provincials were replaced. For a long time, the nomenclature at that time did not linger in one place. In November, Yezhov took the place of Moskvin.

By the same time, according to reports, his personal acquaintance with Stalin belongs. Rather, not an employee, but a contractor. Having entrusted him with something, you can not check and be sure - he will do everything. Yezhov has only one drawback: he does not know how to stop. Sometimes you have to follow him in order to stop him in time, ”Moskvin said to his son -in -law Leo Acceleration, who survived the Gulag and became a famous writer.

Moskvin came home to dinner every day and often brought Yezhov with him. The patron wife called him a“ vigor ”and tried to feed him better. In the year, Moskvin received“ 10 years without the right to do.

” The standard resolution: “Her wife,” and his wife, was accused of Yezhov, on the instructions of English intelligence, and if it were not for the intervention of the former friend of the house, it would be taken to the camp. Yezhov transmitted Stalin’s instructions to the mistakes made by the investigation in the case of the Trotskyist Center, and instructed to take measures to open the Trotskyist Center, to identify the clearly unexplored terrorist gang and the personal role of Trotsky in this matter, ”one of his deputies Jacob Agrans reported the berry.

Up to a year, Yezhov did not impress a demonic personality. He was sociable, gallants with ladies, loved Yesenin’s poems, willingly participated in feasts and danced "Russian". The writer Yuri Dombrovsky, whose acquaintances knew Yezhov personally, claimed that among them there were no one who would say badly about Yezhov, it was a responsive, humane, soft, tactful person.

" Nadezhda Mandelstam, who met Yezhov in Sukhumi in the summer of the year, recalled him as a “modest and rather pleasant person” who gave her roses and often brought them with her husband in his car. The more amazing the metamorphosis that happened to him. But any Stalin's appointment would do the same in his place. Yezhov was not fascinating of hell, he was the faut nomenclature, ”wrote the historian Mikhail Zhelensky.

The Great Terror in the Soviet era was cultivated that the crimes of the regime were completely reduced to the notorious mur of the year, and after and after everything was safe. Under Khrushchev, an assumption was unofficially expressed that the leader simply found a temporary decay of reason. The idea was persistently imposed that Stalin's only guilt was repressions against the nomenclature.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn was the first to talk about the fact that terror from for a year did not stop for a day. In his opinion, the only difference was that the turn of high-ranking communists came to M, their descendants arranged a hype around the "nine hundred damned."At the same time, historical justice came over over the Lenin Guard, although they were not executed by those who had moral law for this, and not for what followed.

Now we can say that he was partly right. Events, with the presentation of the British historian Robert Conquest, known as "Big Terror" were still exceptional. From a person executed with GO for a year for political reasons, a person was shot in years, and about a hundred ordinary people were on one "faithful Lenin". If in other periods they sentenced to death about every twentieth of the arrested, and the rest went to the Gulag, then during the Great Terror - almost every second.

In autocratic Russia, death sentences were carried out for a year, from which it was carried out during the suppression of the revolution of the years hanged and shot near the person. It was in the year that the massive inquisitives took on the massive torture and beating of the under investigation. Probably, even in this regard, representatives of the nomenclature arose in this regard, since Stalin considered it necessary on January 10 to send the heads of regional party organizations and NKVD departments a encrypted telegram, which said: "The application of physical impact in the practice of the NKVD was made with the city of the Central Committee of the All -Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks believes that the physical impact method should be appropriately applied." In addition to thousands of executed, about thousands of people "died under investigation," in other words, under torture.

Among them was, for example, Marshal Vasily Blucher, who did not wait for his bullet. Appointed a forensic chemical examination. It turned out to be blood, ”recalled Boris Viktorov, deputy chief military prosecutor, who was engaged in the revision of the Tukhachevsky case in the 10th years. One of the investigators in the year proudly told his colleagues how Yezhov entered his office and asked if the arrested person admitted.

The three-year-old goal firstly, the blow was struck by the "Lenin Guard", in the eyes of which Stalin, despite all the praises, remained not a God-like leader, but the first among equals. Having committed terrifying atrocities against the people, these people regarding themselves are used to relative freedom, immunity and the right to their own opinion. Vladimir Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, who was considered the first "autocratic" in Rus', the boyars were condemned and subsequently killed for the fact that he wanted to make them "brigades." Stalin set the same task for himself, so that, according to the well -known expression of Ivan the Terrible, everyone would be like grass, and he is one as a mighty oak.

The XVII Congress of the CPSU B, held in the year and officially called the "Congress of the Winners", turned out to be the "Congress of the doomed": from delegates and 97 of the elected members of the Central Committee, they were executed, five more committed suicide. Secondly, Stalin, according to historians, decided to “clean the country” before a large war: after the establishment of an illegitimate dictatorship, confiscation of private property, the abolition of all political and personal freedoms, the hungeride and mockery of religion, too many people were formed brutally offended by the Soviet regime.

A significant part of the country's population was among the offended. They were afraid. Stalin and his entourage wanted to protect themselves in advance, ”the historian Leonid Mlechin believes. They believed that it was necessary to remove everyone who is in doubt,” said Mlechin's grandson of Molotov Vyacheslav Nikonov. A number of researchers are sure that Stalin was not afraid of war, but he prepared it purposefully and carefully, but in this case it doesn’t matter.

Judging by the results, terror did not achieve the goal. According to minimal estimates, at least thousands of Soviet citizens during the war years served as an enemy with weapons in their hands. Our contemporaries see this situation differently. Some argue that Stalin arranged for a year correctly, and still showed excessive softness, not destroyed all enemies. Others believe that it would be better for him to shoot himself, and taking into account the nature of the traitor regime, it turned out to be surprisingly little.

The third task was to solder the nation with iron discipline and fear, to force everyone to work hard for pennies, to do not what is profitable or pleasant, but what the state needs. In the year in the USSR, such ferocious anti -working legislation was adopted that the most odious right -wing dictatorships did not know. The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council dated June 26 "On the prohibition of unauthorized care from enterprises and institutions" Following the passports deprived of passports, collective farmers turned into the serfs of the country and introduced criminal liability for being late for work over 20 minutes.

Over seven pre -war years, about six million people were sent to camps and prisons in the USSR. The Decree of October 2 "On State Labor Reserves" made a paid training in high school for high school, and for children of the poor from the age of 14, it provided for "Factory-Zavodskiy training" in combination with the implementation of adult production standards.

The direction in the FZU was officially called the "call", and for the escape from there they sent to the camps. According to the historian Igor Bunich, after a year, Stalin created a kind of gay state: everyone was in business, and no one dared to push.The appointment of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs on September 26 was formally a decrease for him and was due to the special role assigned to him by Stalin.

According to historians, the former Chekist elite believed that the main work has already been done, and you can slow down. Yezhov was called to turn these sentiments. On December 1, after the murder of Kirov, the Presidium of the CEC of the USSR adopted a resolution according to which cases "on the preparation or commission of terrorist acts" were to be investigated "in an accelerated manner", and death sentences - to be carried out immediately without the right to appeal.

The fate of people began to solve "three", often "packs", without the right to defense, and often in the absence of the accused. He retained the remnants of Pyatit for the "old guard", at least did not want to torture them. Yezhova on the post of Narco. The berry in a clear way was not at the height of its task in exposing the Trotskyist-Zinovievsky bloc.

The OGPU was late in this matter for 4 years. "The next day, the appointment of Yezhov took place. At the first meeting with the leading composition of the People's Commissariat, he showed the present two kulaks:" You do not see that I am small in stature. My hands are strong - Stalin. I will plant and shoot everyone, despite the ranks and ranks, who dares to slow down the case with the enemies of the people.

" Among the leading elite of the Chekists, the moods of complacency, reassurance and bragging are increasingly ripening. Instead of drawing conclusions from Trotskyist affairs and criticizing their own shortcomings, people dream of only about orders for the case being discovered. "Yezhov said that he had fulfilled Stalin’s order and reviewed the lists of those arrested in the latest matters:" You will have to shoot a rather impressive number.