Biography of the Qianlun

Qianlun Qianlun - Emperor B - Manchu Dynasty of Qing in China. Under the Qianlun, numerous conquering wars were waged. Personal name is Hunley. The fourth son of Yunzhen. The third emperor of the Qing dynasty in China, in GG. In the first years of his life, he found Emperor Kansi, who loved his grandson very much. He joined the throne at the age of 25; His reign was one of the longest in China.

Estete, the great patron saint of sciences and arts, but at the same time strictly made sure that the Chinese did not doubt the legality of the Manchu conquest. He voluntarily renounced his son Jiazin so that his reign was not longer than the reign of Kansi. Shossand D. Qianlun, Qian Lun Personal name - Hun Lee; Cienlun literally - heavenly prosperity - the motto of the era of the reign under the Qianlun of the Manchuro -Chinese feudal lords waged conquest wars against the Jungarian Khanate, the Uyghur principalities of the East Turkestan, Vietnam, Nepal, suppressed the numerous uprisings of the Chinese and other peoples, forcibly included in the Qing Empire.

The reign of Qianlun was marked by persecution of Chinese patriots, prohibitions and burning books in which the Manchu rulers saw criticism of their domination. External wars and punitive campaigns led to an increase in taxes and requisitions, which, in turn, entailed an increase in the number of popular uprisings. From the end of the reign of Cienlun, the decline of Manchu rule in China begins.

In the year, Cienlun renounced the throne in favor of his son Yun. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. Tom reign of Cienlun: the greatness of the Qing Hunley dynasty, whose motto was called the Qianloon, still found the reign of his grandfather Kansi. He loved him very much and more than once marveled at the mind of his grandson - for example, on imperial hunting, when the eleven -year -old Hunley showed an amazing composure in the one -on -one fight with a bear.

They say that Kansi handed over the throne to Yunjan in the hope that then he would go to the zianlun. The zianlun crowned in G. then he voluntarily moved away from power so that his era would not last longer than the reign of his grandfather. He ascended the throne when Qing has been ninety years old in China. Therefore, in the field of state structure, the emperor, unlike his father, Yunzhen, did not undertake any significant reforms.

But he, in order to stop some decline in Manchu self -awareness in particular, the language, tried to return the reverence for the culture of the ancestors as a whole, although the zianlun was very interested in Chinese culture, he much more patronized the manchuraps than his predecessors. Usually, the reign of this monarch is divided into three periods into ministers, which the emperor chose to his assistants.

The first period is associated with the names of experienced statesmen, primarily the Orthaya Manchus - and Chinese Zhang Tingyui -, former ministers under the former sovereign. This was a peaceful period when the emperor reaped the fruits of the centralization reforms carried out by his father.

Starting from G. at the same time, the monarch enjoyed almost absolute power; He undertook a number of very expensive projects that contributed to the glory of his reign. The third and last - was the period of the ministry of Heshen -, a young manchu, to whom the emperor became attached and to whom he trusted more and more. Heshen, undoubtedly, was a minister with great abilities, but, without hiding, promoted his relatives into the power and accumulated such a huge wealth that after the death of the emperor he could not incur the hatred of the heir, emperor Jiacin, who ordered him to execute him.

A lot of military campaigns were carried out during the reign of the zianlun, and some of them noticeably expanded the territory controlled by the empire, especially in Central Asia, see II, the section “Empire of Qing”: the emperor finally conquered the Jungarian -, paced Turkestan Muslims - he suppressed the rebels in Tibet Jinchuan's campaigns in - and the campaign against the Gurkhi in the Gurkhi.

Nepal in - gg. His greatest victory, undoubtedly, was the final solution to the Dzungarian issue, this people were almost completely exterminated and joining the empire of the Valley or East Turkestan. These lands began to be called the Sinjiang "New Lands". The emperor has always been a great patron of sciences and arts: he understood that culture plays a crucial role in politics, and wanted to show himself a subject, especially a Chinese scientist, as a defender and keeper of knowledge.

The Qianlun was a passionate collector, gathered a large collection of antiquities, especially bronze products, seals and paintings. He himself was a good calligrator and was engaged in poetry. At the court, he surrounded himself with European scientists and artists, among whom were Jean-Deni-Deni-Ditira-and Giuseppe Castillon-Jesuits-; The latter served his grandfather and father.Castillon not only wrote a lot of portraits of the sovereign, but also created a project of a huge palace in the western style of Siyangow in the garden of perfect clarity of Yuanminjuan one of the largest literary projects of the Zianlun era - “Complete collection in four sections” Zienlun wished to combine all the most outstanding works of Chinese culture, but at the same time took advantage Large -scale literary Inquisition -, destroying and prohibiting many works recognized by anti -Manchi or harmful to morality see VII, section "Literary Inquisition".

In the city, wanting to show more reverence - one of the highest virtues of Confucianism - he decided to reign no longer than his grandfather Kansi, and renounced the throne in favor of his fifteenth son Yunyan, who began to rule from G. Kienlun, who healed from now on the title of “emperor at rest” by Taishanhuan, lived another three years and died in the city of Schossund D.

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