Biography of Mohamed

Muhammad Arab statesman Muhammad approx. There are very few reliable biographical data about Muhammad. Podoprigora, A. According to the Muslim tradition and the Qur'an, is the last Messenger of Allah, the greatest prophet. According to European rationalist criticism, Muhammad is the founder of Islam, the author of the Koran. There are no modern Muhammad of sources about him; There is no biographical data about Muhammad in the Qur'an.

Information about the life and activity of Muhammad appeared after his death. According to legend, Muhammad - Arab from the Khaima Kureish tribe, was born in Mecca; Early orphaned, was a shepherd, then accompanied trade caravans; After marriage on the rich widow, Hadija led her trade. Religiously adhered to Hanifism, and for about a year made a preaching of a new religion - Islam.

Having not received recognition in Mecca, Muhammad in the year with his few followers moved Hijra to Medina, where he headed the Muslim community. After the surrender of the Meccans, Muhammad for about a year, according to legend, joined Mecca. Muslims revered by Muslims is Muhammad's grave in Medina. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. Volume 9. Muhammad - GG.

A native of the poor family of Khashim influential in Mecca of the tribal group Kurash. Already in his youth, he traveled a lot with trade caravans and met the world of various religions, including Christian and Jewish, met with Christian monks, but was looking for his own “true” path to God. Tireless religious thoughts over time poured into the “reading” to people of the Koran Divine word - literally reading.

The propaganda of the new religion was accompanied by clashes with the traditional pagan moods of the Meccans. Rejected by his tribe, Muhammad in the city of Muhammad, along with his associates, formed the "UMMU", the Muslim community, which united people of different ethnic accessories around him and in himself and marked the beginning of a new sociality.

The strengthening of the community, its military successes and the power of Islam as a religion helped its spread in the large territory of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Quoted by ed. The history of medieval Arab-Islamic philosophy. Middle Ages and modernity. Founder of Islam Muhammad ok. Born in Mecca. His father died before the birth of Muhammad, and his mother - shortly after his birth, so his grandfather and uncle raised him.

At the summer, he married Hadij, a rich and noble widow; This marriage gave Muhammad a feeling of home comfort and happiness. On the threshold of the flying of Muhammad, insight befell. Having opposed the idolatry of his fellow tribesmen of the Kuriysh and the dominant aristocracy - the Kaaba Guardian, Muhammad completely broke with paganism. Already in the first public speech, Muhammad showed himself a prophet of God's anger, an exposure of unbelief and a preacher of divine justice.

The Meccans met the ideas of Muhammad with mockery and contempt. Pursued in his hometown, Muhammad moved in the year of Hijra to Medina Raista, the city of his uncle from the maternal side. There he became an revered ruler, majestic and formidable, and allowed disputes between Muslims, Jews and pagans. The war of the Prophet Muhammad and his relatives ended with a complete victory of Islamic forces.

Muhammad returned to his hometown, destroyed idols in the Kaaba and eradicated paganism. Shortly after Hijra, Muhammad married young Aisha. Religious mission Muhammad. The central idea of ​​Muhammad is a faith in life after death. The first stage of his ministry in Mecca began with a warning about the trial and rewarding: “Truly - the day of separation is a certain time, the day when they get into the pipe, and you will come in crowds.

And the sky will open and become gates ... Truly, Geenna is an ambush, for the transgressing - the place of return, in which they will stay for centuries, not tasting there either coolness or drinking ... After all, for the God -fearing there is a place of salvation, gardens and vineyards, and full -breasted peers, and the cup full. So Muhammad proclaimed a new religion - Islam, which means humility to will and the establishments of the only god.

The message itself is contained in the Qur'an, in which they see the miracle of faith, and not the work of Muhammad. In the whirlpool of conflicts of numerous trends, sects and heresies, throughout the social, cultural and political transformations that marked the history of Islam, the image of Muhammad remains a factor uniting Muslims. In the folk religion, the cult of Muhammad arose, but strict beliefs consider it exclusively as a person, although it recognizes the divine the plan, the execution of which Muhammad devoted his life.

The materials of the Encyclopedia "World around us" were used. History did not have a divine appeal does not have written evidence of contemporaries about Muhammad. The legends about his life and acts of the hadiths, for a long time spread verbally, were recorded later. The first biography of Muhammad based on Hadis was compiled by Ibn Iskham Um.According to tradition, it is generally accepted that Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Kuriyshit from the Khashim clan, was born in the "Elephant Year" - the year of Abraha’s unsuccessful campaign against Mecca, that is, about a year.

He belonged to one of the noble Meccan families, leading his origin from Kusai. Muhammad was orphaned early - he did not know his father Abdallah, who died before his birth, and at six years old he also lost his mother. When he was nine to ten years old, his grandfather Abd Muttalib died. Muhammad's father was a poor merchant and, dying, left his wife Amine five camels, several sheep and one slave.

Muhammad was taken to him by Uncle Abu Talib, the head of the Khashimid clan, a generous and kind person, but extremely poor. Muhammad led his work life: as a child, a pass of sheep and goats is a contemptuous lesson from the point of view of the Meccans, and when he grew up, he began to be hired to accompany caravans. With them he visited Syria, where he met a Christian creed, whose rituals remained incomprehensible to him.

In childhood, Muhammad was very lonely and spent a lot of time on Mount Hira, at the foot of which Mecca is located. At the age of twenty -five, Muhammad married Hadija, a widow of a rich merchant, who herself headed a great trade business. He had children, including the daughter of Fatima, who became the progenitor of numerous descendants of the Prophet - Hassanids and Husynidov.

Fatima survived her father briefly, having died in the year. During his lifetime, Muhammad did not take other wives for himself, and after her death, in memory of her, he often arranged treats for the poor. Such a commandment is mentioned in the Sura of the Qur'an "Morning": I swear in the morning and the darkness of the coming night! Your Lord did not leave you and did not hate.

After all, the last for you is better than the first. After all, your Lord will give you, and you will be satisfied. Didn’t he find you an orphan - and sheltered? Didn’t he find you lost - and directed you on the path? Didn't he find you poor - and enriched you? And you do not oppress the orphan, but do not drive the asking, but announce the mercy of your Lord Koran, in the year Muhammad first heard the divine call to him for the first time.

The Archangel Jabrail ordered Muhammad to speak, or rather, to read from the heavenly book, but Muhammad did not yet know what and therefore was silent. To the second call, Muhammad dared to ask and only the third said to the poems that became the Surah of the Koran "Building", which begins like this: read, in the name of your Lord, who created - created a man from a clot. And the Lord your generous, who taught Kalam, taught a person to what the Koran did not know, thus, the first word of the divine appeal irrefutably testifies to the revelation: Muhammad was elected an intermediary between the word kalam emanating from Allah, and people who themselves could neither hear him or read.

Those who began to dissolve rumors that Muhammad was actually talking with a certain Syrians, the following answer was given: we know that they say: "After all, only a person teaches him." Muhammad did not create a teaching, but created forms of existence - in accordance with the acquired understanding of God, as the real execution of His orders and prohibitions. Muhammad is named in the Qur'an the guarantee of Munzir and the Messenger of Rasul.

At that time, Ali was twelve or thirteen years old. Subsequently, having married Fatima, he became the son -in -law of the Prophet and the fourth caliph. His freedman and adoptive son Ibn Haris, the rich merchant Abu Bekr subsequently the first caliph, the relatives of Muhammad - Az -Zubair and Saad Ibn Abu Vakkas, subsequently believed the famous commander, the winner of the Persians in the Battle of Cadium in the year.

Then the merchants of Talh, Abdarrahman Ibn Auf and Abdallah Ibn Saad, as well as Usman Ibn Affan from the family of Umayyad, later joined Muhammad, later the third caliph and the son -in -law of the Prophet - his wife became a hand and, in addition, the former slave, shepherd Abdallah Masud is one of the most prominent companions. Muhammad. Meccan nobility reacted to Muhammad's sermon with undisguised hostility.

Five years later, the followers of Muhammad in Mecca had no more than one hundred and fifty people. By this time, that is, about a year, Hamza Ibn Abd Muttalib, the second uncle Muhammad, who was later nicknamed Lev Allah and his messenger, turned to Islam, and Umar Ibn Al -Khattab, a young man of twenty -six years old, not rich and not noble, heroic addition, decisive, ardent and extremely kind.

Umar insisted that the Muslims pray not in a private house, but openly at Kaaba. The Meccans mocked them, asking: “When will your Day of Judgment finally come? Muhammad appeared to his people as an Arab prophet, announcing the truth unchanged since the beginning of times:“ Say: “Truly, my prayer and my piety, my life and death, the lord of worlds, who has no similar to him.

This was commanded to me, and I am the first of the indulging Kuran, Irmiyev T. History of the Muslim world from the caliphate to a brilliant port. Chelyabinsk,, p. From a young age he participated in caravan trade, conducted the affairs of the rich Meccan widow of Hadiji, which he later married. Near G.Later they were recorded and compiled the text of the Qur'an.

After some oscillations M. around M.