IEAAS Tokugawa biography

The Russian from the hostage to the ruler of the Middle Kingdom of Celestial Tokugawa Ieasu was born in the year, his father was the ruler of the province of Mikawa Matsudira Hirotad, who lived in the castle of Okazaki. At the age of 6, he was sent as a hostage to the Oda family in Ovari, and then he lived as a hostage with the Daimo provinces of Suruga and Totomi Imagawa Yoshimoto.

During this time, his father was killed by one of the vassals, Okazaki's castle turned into the actual possession of Imagawa, and Ieyas began to fight in his army. Okadzaki in pref. ITO, Homeland IEAASU. On the left is the Okazaki castle, where Ieasa was born, on the right is the statue of Ieyas in the Okazaki Park is provided by the Okazaki administration, however, in the battle of Okhadzam, Imagawa Yoshimoto was killed, thanks to which Ieasa decided to unite his forces with the ruler of Ovari Nobunaga, subordinated the province of Mikava and became one of the dimensions of the grunts provinces.

Subsequently, the Union of Takeda Singen, with whom they destroyed the Imagawa clan, concluded with him, and received the province of Totomi, and then he took the province of Suruga from the Tedde family. After the incident in the Khonoji Temple, when the Oda Nobunaga died, he captured the provinces of Kai and Sinano, the former possessions of the Takeda. For a while he was at enmity with Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but later he became his vassal and helped him in management.

After the fall of the Khojo clan from Odavar Hideyoshi, he directed him to manage the Kanto region, and since then Ieyas has settled in Edo. However, after the death of Hideyoshi, the head of the Council of five Elders Gotiro Ieyasu began to arbitrarily conclude marriage alliances with other daimyo and distribute awards, which caused discontent of others. In the year, Isid Mitsunari, one of the five managers of Go-Bugo, along with Mori Terumoto, one of the five elders, gathered troops to end Ieyas.

When the western troops, which Mitsunari led, converged at Sekigahar with the army of the East of Ieas, in just a few hours Ieyas defeated, and the victim was defeated by Mitsunari in Kyoto. After the end of military operations, Ieyas took the possessions from the 93 Lamyo side with a total income of more than 5 million coca rice 1 Coca-near L, giving the lands of Todzama-Daimo, who became the vassals of Tokugawa after the battle of Sekigahar.

However, at the same time, many of them had to change the possessions by moving to remote provinces, and in the regions of large cities of Edo, Osaka and in important areas of transport routes, relatives of Tokugawa and Fudai-Daimo Tokugawa Vassals were appointed. This was done so that Todzam, raising the rebellion, could not quickly capture Osaka or Edo. The place of the battle of Sekighara Pixta, the creation of a system of inheritance of power so Tokugawa Ieasa became the sole ruler of the country, and in the year he received from the emperor the title of Seii-Tysogun “The Grand Ducado, which pacifies the Barbar”, more often than the shogun, after which he already officially established the Bakuu military government in EDO.

The forces of Simmin, Fudai, Dziksin of Direct Vassals, Hatamoto and Gocenin, under the leadership of Ieas, numbered more than a person who made him an indisputable military ruler. At the same time, in the creation of the political system, his advisers have been people who have managed the affairs of the family since the time of life in Mikava, like Daimo Honda Masanobu, the monk of the Temple Nanzenzi Contini Contin, Confucian Hayashi Radzan, between whom he distributed administrative duties.

The complex political system of the shogunate was finally formed with his grandson Iemits. In the year, Ieyas ordered all the countries of the country to take part in the construction works of the unprecedented scale of Tank Busin, having arranged Edo's Castle and the surrounding territories. The backfill of the bay of the Hibia with the creation of wide dry areas, the laying of the water paths of the OHAGIGAVA and the DOSAMBORI was carried out.

In addition to ensuring water transportation, an infrastructure for land transport was created - five city city routes, starting from Nikhobashi and inns along them. As a result of this activity, by the end of life, Ieyas Edo became a large city where several tens of thousands of people lived. In the year, just two years after receiving the title of shogun, Ieyas lost to his son, and Hidetad became the shogun-this was done to demonstrate the inheritance of the Shogun title in the Tokugawa family, but Ieyas still controlled the country's policy from the residences in the castles of Fusimi and Suma.

The destruction of the Toyotomi clan after the battle of Sekigahar Hideyori, the son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was reduced to the rank of one of the daimyo, continued to own Osaka’s castle and rule the lands in the provinces of Setsza, Kavati and Izumi with a common income in Coca. Daimo sympathized with the Hideyoshi family, and when Ieyas met with Hideyori in the year after a long break, he found that he became a smart young man.

Since then, Ieyasu, who sought to ensure the preservation of the power of the Tokugawa family, decided to get rid of Hideyori. Under this pretext, he besieged Osaka Castle with a two hundred thousand army in the year. Thus began the Winter Osak campaign, which ended in the 12th lunar month, but in the year Ieyasa again moved the troops, and as a result of the summer Osak campaign, Hideyori committed suicide, and the Toyotomi Rodnoye.In the same year, Ieyasus issued a decree according to which only one castle could be in one province.

The decree was aimed at the weakening of the Daimo of the Western provinces, which could retain their residences, and they had to destroy other castles. Even in that year, on behalf of the shogun Hidetada, a set of laws of military houses of Buk Sikhato, which contained strict restrictions on the activities of Daimo, was published, including forbidden to arbitrarily marry and build new castles.

Absolute control in this way, due to the military force and new laws, Ieyasa limited Daimo in the possibilities of actions, but control was required not only on them - Ieyas sought to suppress any forces that could threaten his power, including the imperial court. Formally, Bakufu Edo’s power was based on the fact that the emperor granted the head of the Tokugawa, the shogun title, endowing him with power powers.

For this reason, Ieyas showed respect for the imperial court, and in view of the reduction in the possessions of the court in the era of the fighting provinces in the year, he presented the Earth to the imperial court, bringing 10 Coca rice. However, the possessions of the imperial house were carried out by Bakufu itself. In addition, for the supervision of the Daimo of the Western provinces and the imperial court, the position of Shosidai, the governor of the shogun in Kyoto, who constantly monitored the actions of the court and aristocratic births, was established.

In addition to this, two people were appointed Book Tenso, by the messengers of military houses - they handed over to the court of orders Bakufa transmitted through Shosidai. They were chosen among the aristocracy, and the shogunate paid to them. In the year, laws were adopted that determine the behavior of the aristocracy, which were ordered to engage in the protection of the palace and the affairs traditional for these births.

The laws established in the year for the court and aristocracy determined the functioning of the palace, the life of the emperor and the courtiers, seniority among the aristocracy and the procedure for promotion. All this was done so that the court and the emperor lose all political influence. The monks of the Jay monasteries of the mountains of Heei and Koya and the followers of the ICCO school during the fighting provinces were a force that could crush the Daimo army, which is why IEYAS began to introduce a system of restrictions on the activities of sanctuaries, monasteries and the Buddhist armies, adopting a set of laws on the monasteries of Jiin-Khatto.

Economic activity of IEAAS What was the economic basis of the power of Bakufu? The main income was taxes from Bakufu land, bringing up to 4 million rice cocoon per year. Responsible for the delivery of taxes and the performance of work were peasants who owned flood and dry fields, estates, entered in the books of registration as Khombiyako, “main peasants”. In the book of teachings for the military estate “Evening Stories about Peaceful Times” by Syohay Java, written by Takano Tsunamiti in the year, the words allegedly spoken by IEYAS are given that taxes need to be collected so that peasants in villages and villages are not dead, but are not very alive.

It seems that the policy of Ieyas was collecting an annual tax so that the peasants could not acquire new property, but did not die of hunger. He directly controlled important cities - Edo, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Sakai and others, and especially from monopoly trade in Nagasaki, after his death, Bakufu received good income. As in the time of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the government received arrivals from the mines who were in his property, but Ianas began a new business - the minting of money from the resulting gold and silver.

Monetary courtyards of golden money were established in Edo, Sumo, Kyoto, on the island of Sado and in other places, silver money was made in Fusimi, Edo, Suma, Kyoto, etc. Earlier in Japan, Chinese copper money was used, and this step became an important milestone in the country's financial policy. Foreign policy as a tool for receiving income further we will consider the foreign policy of Ieyas.

Ieasa pursued an active foreign policy. When in the bay of the Usuki of the province of Bungo the current pref. Oyta sat on the Dutch ship De Liefde, Ieyas met with the assistant captain, Dutchman Jan Yan Yosten Van Lodenstein, and the navigator, who was the Englishman William Adams later - Miura Andzin. He invited them to Edo and consulted on foreign policy issues, encouraged relations with the Netherlands and England.

He knew that both countries were Protestant, unlike Catholic Spain and Portugal, where trade was inseparable from missionary activity. Thanks to this, factories were opened on Hirado island: in the year - Dutch, in the year - English. In order to restrain the monopoly trading of the Portuguese, Ieyasu established in the year the organization of the intermediaries, acting in Kyoto, Sakai and Nagasaki, which determined the prices for silk delivered annually in the spring, purchased all the goods approved by the Government, and then distributed each other.In the year, the merchant from Kyoto Tanaka Sysuke, by order of Ieyas, visited the Spanish territory of the New Spain the current Mexico, where he asked for the resumption of trade with Luson now - the territory of the Philippines, which stopped after Toyotomi Hideyoshi executed 26 missionaries and their followers.

IEAAS also ordered the CO family on Tsushima to restore relations with Korea, interrupted due to military invasion of the Korean Peninsula. The clan got this in the year, after which they began to send messengers-tsusins ​​with gifts from Korea when changing the shoguns. The Chinese Empire Ming, who participated in the war in Korea, officially did not resume relations, but trading ships from China often came to Hirado, Nagasaki and other Japanese ports.

IEAUS actively developed overseas trade using diplomatic funds, but in the last years of his life everything has changed. If earlier he turned a blind eye to the spread of Christianity, then in the year he banned this religion in the territories in direct subordination, and next year he distributed a ban on the whole country, at the same time ordering to destroy the churches and force the followers to completely abandon the faith - probably, fearing the invasion of the Spaniards or Portuguese, with whom Christian groups in Japan could unite.

In the year, Tom Ukon and more Christians were demonstratively expelled to Manila and Macau. Such changes in politics, perhaps, were aimed at ensuring that Holland and England take the place of departed Portuguese and Spaniards in trade with Japan. Hidetada, the second shogun, even more tightened the restrictions, and the third shogun Iemitsa completed the formation of the country's isolation system.

The culture of the Kanei Ieasu period was also a connoisseur of culture. The master of Kyoto Honami Coets, known for the golden lacquer painted work “A score for written supplies with a floating bridge”, Funabasi Machiezuribako, was also a Calligraph and a ceramic who made ceramics of cancer. Heyas gave him the land in Takagamine north of the capital, where Coets founded the village of artisans.

Ieasu supported close ties with the artists of Tavaray Sotatsu, Ogat Korin, ceramist Ogat Kenzan, which is connected with the subsequent heyday of the Kanei year of the year in the year of Ieyasa after the Sokolina hunting of the river. They say that he could be poisoned by tampura from sea crucian carp, but they suspect with a high probability and cancer of the stomach. Ieyasu was fond of compiling drugs, did not listen to doctors and engaged in self -medication, but the disease was aggravated, and in the fourth lunar month he died at the age of 75.

He was buried in the sanctuary of Kunozan, and next year the remains were transferred to Mount Nikko, where he is revered as the deity of Tosyo-Daygongen. The sanctuary of Nikko Tosyug, where Tokugawa is revered by Ieyas.