And Schopenhaura is biography

She arrived in this city two days before the battle of Yen, and a few months later, despite the very vague times, due to her sociability, courtesy and talent, she had already met and get closer to almost all the then Weimar celebrities. Despite some disorder of her husband’s deeds, he recently left his family so significant that the widow could lead a rather open and wide way of life.

Such people as Goethe, Viland, Grimm, the Schlegeli brothers, Prince Pucler and others gathered in her house twice a week. She even found access to the then Weimar court, enjoyed the friendship and location of the Duke of Karl-August and his wife, the dukes of the Saksen-Koburg-Gotsky, Crown Prince Mecklenburg-Shweer and others. A few years later, she performed, and moreover, not without success, in the literary field.

Meanwhile, Arthur Schopenhauer, deeply shocked by the death of his father, continued to have a commercial career so hated by him for some time, out of respect for the latter's memory. True, he did it more for a look: sitting behind his office and decomposing office books, he secretly read Frenology Gall or any other similar book from his principal. But finally, the hour of deliverance broke up for him: his mother read one of his letters in which Arthur bitterly complained about his fate to one of his Weimar friends, Fernov.

He convinced his mother not to resist the attraction of his son, not to force him to continue commercial activities and allow him to enter the university. Schopenhauer, alien to all sentimentality, cried with joy, receiving a letter to his mother, in which she provided complete space for his natural drives. On the advice of the same Fernov, he moved to Gotu, where Professor Dering undertook to prepare him in the Latin language for admission to the university, and Professor Jacobes took up German literature with him.

Both of them spoke with the greatest praise about the remarkable abilities of their student. But he allowed himself some ridicule of some of the gymnasium teachers, and those, having learned about this, did not allow him to pass the exam for a certificate of maturity. Then he decided to move to Weimar and continue preparations for the university there; However, at the request of his mother, he did not settle in her house.

The motives that have forced this woman, who sincerely loved her son, are interesting to abandon his joint residence. Here is what she writes about this Arthur, who was at that time 19 years old: “For my happiness, you need to know that you are happy; But we can be both happy and living apart. I have repeatedly told you that it is very difficult to live with you, and the more I peer at you, the difficulty it becomes more obvious to me.

I will not hide from you that while you remain the way you are, I am ready to decide more on any other sacrifice than for it. I do not deny your good qualities; Not your inner qualities move me away from you, but your external manners, your habits, views and judgments; In a word, I cannot converge with you in anything, as for the outside world. Your eternal discontent, your eternal complaints about what is inevitable, your gloomy appearance, your strange judgments expressed by you, like the sayings of the oracle; All this oppresses me, but does not convince me at all.

Your endless disputes, your eternal complaints about the stupidity of the world and about a person’s insignificance prevent me from sleeping at night and crushing me, like a nightmare. ” These words of the mother, addressed to the nineteen -year -old young man, are highly characteristic: they show that the makings of pessimism, passing through the whole life of Schopenhauer and striking almost in every line of his subsequent works, were very clearly and relief in him, to his great chagrin and inconsistency of his cheerful mother, already at this age, at which the world is for the world for which the world is for the world Other people usually appear even in the most rainbow light.

A nineteen -year -old pessimist settled in Weimar separately from a cheerful, sociable mother. The young man began vigorously strive to achieve the intended goal. The lessons of several practical professors and the natural ability to learn languages ​​allowed him to quickly replenish his one -sided and far from systematic initial education. Having settled in the house of the famous philologist Passov at one time, he under his leadership made quick successes in acquaintance with classic languages ​​and with classical antiquity; In addition, Arthur was engaged in Latin grammar and Latin syntax among the famous Latinist Lenz, the director of the Weimar gymnasium, replenishing his historical and mathematical knowledge at the same time.

With a remarkable zeal, the young man worked not only for days, but also at night, and when he entered the Gettingen University, then at the age of 21, he turned out to be so thoroughly and multilaterally prepared for the listening of university lectures as few of his comrades.At first he signed up for the medical faculty and listened to lectures on natural history, but soon, under the influence of G.

Schulz, he became interested in philosophy and switched to the Faculty of Philosophy.

This Schulz had the most decisive and beneficial influence on the future famous philosopher. He advised Arthur, first of all, to carefully study Plato and Kant and take into the hands of either Aristotle or Spinoza until he gets acquainted thoroughly with two thinkers above. So, at least, Schopenhauer himself conveys this in the autobiographical notes that he subsequently sketched.

In Gettingen, Schopenhauer stayed from for a year, and here from university comrades, he was especially close to the famous Bunsen. Being unsociable by nature, he did not take almost no participation in the usual noisy student life, and the circle of his acquaintance was limited only to very few comrades, which belonged to the poet Ernst Schulce, a certain Lucke and the American Astor, who later became an archimillionaire.

During the holidays, Arthur took excursions to the Harz, to Weimar and Erfurt, where he had to visit during the famous Erfurt Congress and partly an eyewitness to the servility of the German sovereign princes before Napoleon I. But this young thinker, who was already worn at that time with the plan of his future capital labor about the “world as a will”, was not very interested in this one who was not too interested in this the will, embodied in a person and called Napoleon.

Another person, whose genius was a direct contrast with the genius of Napoleon, was much more interested in the future philosopher: he got acquainted with Goethe, who was extremely favorable to the young man in his mother’s house, and since then he began to eat to him, contrary to the main properties of his character, enthusiastic reverence, calling him the greatest person of the German people.

In the year, twenty -three -year -old Schopenhauer moved from Weimar to Berlin, where he was attracted by the philosophical reputation of Fichte loudly rattling at that time; But already at this time, the young philosopher had too independent manner of thinking, in order to completely follow in the footsteps of this thinker, who often hit, according to Schopenhauer, into sophistry.

He very diligently attended the lectures of Fichte, repeatedly entered with the latter into disputes during collloxes arranged by the latter; But soon the a priori worship of Fichte, in his own words, gave way to neglect and mockery. Simultaneously with philosophy, he diligently continued to study natural sciences in Berlin: physics, chemistry, astronomy, geognosy, physiology, anatomy, zoology; He also did not neglect classical languages, listening to the lectures of Wolf, Bek, Berngardi and others; Only jurisprudence and theology did not attract him, and in this regard in his education there was a significant gap that affected all his subsequent activities.

Much more lectures by Fichte were interested in his lectures by Schleermacher on the history of medieval philosophy, although he found the latter not alien to poetic coloring. Finally, he also listened to the course on Scandinavian poetry, read classic writers of the Renaissance - Montaenya, Rabelais and others. The then vague times, however, were not particularly favorable for peaceful scientific studies.

During the stay of Schopenhauer in Berlin, the Napoleon star, which was still flashing, still began to fade, and all of Germany, not excluding university circles, took possession of fiery patriotic enthusiasm. But Schopenhauer, despite his 24 years, was so alien to this enthusiasm that he subsequently even incurred reproaches for a lack of patriotism.

He was about to keep a doctoral exam in Berlin, when the dubious outcome of the battles under Bautzen and Lucen forced him to leave Berlin and look for a more deceased for his scientific classes in Saxony. During a twelve -day flight to Dresden, he found himself in the midst of a military hustle and bore; The burgomaster of one town, having accidentally learned that Schopenhauer speaks the French language well, turned to his services, and he had to take on the role of a translator.

Arthur spent summer in the village not far from the Saxon town of Rudolstadt, where he, among the military noise surrounding him, considered a plan of his composition "On the four of the root of the law of a sufficient foundation." In early October, the University of Insky, on the basis of the dissertation sent by Schoopenhauer, proclaimed him in absentia doctor of philosophy, and for the winter he moved to his mother, to Weimar.

But here the difference between the characters of the mother and son affected more than ever. Smart, educated, even to a certain extent talented Anna Schopenhauer could not understand and transfer the isolation and misanthropy of her son.This difference in the characters was also joined by the fact that Schopenhauer, lean and calculated from a young age, did not approve of his mother’s lifestyle too wide, in his opinion: he realized, and not without reason that the activity to which he felt the called up was called up, was unlikely to be able to ensure his material existence, and therefore he was especially conservation of possible integrity The state of the state left by the father.

Anna Schopenhauer, as a woman very shameless, understood that she and her son did not converge her characters positively. Here is what she once wrote to him about this: “I believe that you will find both useful for us if our mutual relations are established so that our mutual independence is not subjected to damage and that I, in particular, retain the laid-back, peaceful and independent calm, which brings joy into my life.

So, Arthur, arrange your existence as if I am not here at all, except that every day from hour to three you will come to dinner to me. Evenings, each of us will spend as if it pleases, except for two evenings a week, when my society gathers: on these evenings, of course, you will come, spend time with guests and, if you want, stay at least a whole evening and have dinner.

In the rest of the week, you will dinner and drink tea at home. So it will be better, dear Arthur, for both of us: in this way we will maintain our current relationships. And your independence will win through it. As for the entertainment, you will have three evenings to visit the theater, and spend two in the evenings with me. I believe that there are enough entertainment, although I'm afraid that my evenings will seem less entertaining to you than for those guests who, being older and having an advantage over you, play a more prominent role in the evenings.

You will find yourself the only very young person in our society; But the interest of being in the same environment with Goethe will reward you, you need to think, for the fun that you may not find with me ... You will be a welcome guest for me and, to brighten up your stay in Weimar, I will do everything that I will be able to do without sacrificing, of course, with my own freedom and peace.

” According to one of the biographers of Schopenhauer, Zeydlitsa, this letter of his mother, as well as the above, written about the alleged resettlement of Arthur to Weimar, completely outlines Arthur Schopenhauer and accurately characterizes him, which he was not only in his youth, but also in adulthood. The habit of a young man can pronounce the sentences down can be explained inherited self -confidence.

The Vera developed in Arthur Schopenhauer into his infallibility, his mania and gloomy, undoubtedly, arose on the basis of the born abnormality of the nervous system, and of course, they cannot be guilty of the young man, as something arising from his self -will; But at the same time, one cannot but regret that no one was so close to Arthur Schopenhauer, in order to affectionate and exhortations, firmly and beneficial to influence these features of his spiritual system.

” With his sister, his Adele, who was ten years younger and did not at all look at him either with appearance or character, he also did not get along, and thus remained lonely, even being in a family environment. Around the same time, Schopenhauer met with the then -famous actress Yageman and was seriously carried away by her. He subsequently admitted that at one time he was not even averse to marrying her; But this plan was upset, and Schopenhauer remained a bachelor for life.

This work immediately attracted attention, caused commendable reviews in periodicals and hot praise from the teacher of Schopenhauer, Gettingen Professor Schulz. However, among the majority of the public, this essay was unsubstantiated - that, partly, finds an explanation in the then vague military and political circumstances experienced by Germany. Schopenhauer not only did not help out anything from the publication of this book, but he even had to bear quite sensitive losses.

Here, by the way, it will be useful to cite a very characteristic joke, told by his biographers. When he presented a copy of his composition to his mother, she, having read the title, exclaimed in a joke-ironic tone: “Ah, here we are talking about roots! This is true, something in terms of pharmacy. ” The Son has stitched this mockery of his mother with a remark that his works would be read and read intensely, at times when everyone would be forgotten about the fiction works of Ms.

Schopenhauer. Although Schopenhauer lived in Weimar not in the same house with his mother, but separately, however, her society and her lifestyle before he did not like that he, having lived here for about a year, decided to completely part with his mother and settle in another city. The young philosopher-illegitimate found that life in Weimar was too entertaining him too much and distracts him from the goal.On this occasion, he is as follows as follows about the calling and goals of the philosopher in one of his subsequent letters: “Philosophy is an alpine peak, to which only a cool path leading on stones and thorns leads.

The higher the person climbs, the more deserted, and only a person can walk along this path completely fearless. Often this person makes his way over the abyss, and he must have a healthy head so as not to undergo dizziness. But on the other hand, the world that he looks from above seems to him smooth and even, deserts and swamps disappear, unevenness are smoothed out, dissonances are not conveyed to him, it is surrounded by clean air and sunlight, while a deep haze is spread at his feet.

” And in the spring of the year, Schopenhauer moves from Weimar to Dresden, who is still familiar to him by traveling in childhood and adolescence with his parents. Here he conceived and wrote his capital composition: "The world is as will and representation." Despite his characteristic isolation, despite the restraint and sarcasticity, which bored with conceit, the young philosopher did not live in Dresden with a complete anachoret and enjoyed exceptional love and respect in some circles.

He was especially eagerly attended by the famous Dresden Picture Gallery, a thorough acquaintance with which he later came in handy in his treatises about art, and, since childhood, passionately loving nature, wandered a lot in the vicinity. Having graduated from the autumn of the year, his work “World as a will and presentation”, Schopenhauer concluded an agreement with the publisher Brockhaus, who paid him one chervonets for a printed sheet, but, not having waited for the publication of the essay, on which he worked for four years and which made his name famous, he went to travel in Italy.

Possessing the Germans quite rare in the ability to languages, he perfectly owned Italian, which was extremely useful to him during his stay in Italy. In Rome, where he had to stay for four months, and in Naples most of his acquaintances were the British; Here, he partly dropped his inability and surrendered to enjoy the art, nature and Italian life in general. From the Italian poets, Schopenhauer especially appreciated Petrarch, but did not like Dante, finding him too much didactic; Ariosto, Boccaccio, Tacco and Alfieri, not particularly highly put.

In the field of art, he paid special attention to the plastic and architecture of the ancient world; I felt less attraction to painting, although, still being a very young man, under the influence of conversations with Goethe wrote a very valuable treatise on colors and colors. He willingly visited the opera in Italy, and Rossini was his beloved composer. During his stay in Italy, Schopenhauer received a letter from his sister, notifying that the Danzig Trading House, to which his mother handed over most of his condition and Adele, went bankrupt, and both of them lost their entire fortune; Schopenhauer himself, according to his caution and suspicion, placed only a small part of his condition in this trading house, so that the bankruptcy of the mistress of the mother responded to him personally only by the loss of 8 thousand thalers, while most of the state that he got after his father remained inviolable.

Although, as we saw above, Schopenhauer did not particularly get along with his mother, he invited her to share with her and with her sister the remaining inviolable part of his condition, but for unknown reasons they rejected this proposal. In general, as far as Schopenhauer honored the memory of his father, he treated his mother so coldly and indifferently. His biographer, Lindner, apparently, not without some reason, believes that Schopenhauer had in mind his mother in that place of his work “Raarerga”, where he speaks of the attraction of women to wastefulness and their inability to conduct property affairs.

Here, by the way, what he says in this chapter: “All women, for very few exceptions, are prone to wastefulness, so it is strongly necessary to protect any cash, with the exception of those rare cases when they themselves acquired it, from their wastefulness. In view of this, I believe that women, at whatever age they are, can never be considered quite adults and that they should constantly be under male guardianship - it doesn’t matter whether there will be a custody of the father, husband, son or government agents - just as we see this in India; that they should never be provided arbitrarily dispose of property; And the fact that the mother is appointed even by virtue of the law of guardianship and manager of her father's herts of her children, I consider positive absurdity.

In most cases, such a woman is only able to live with her second husband or lover, that with difficulty and caring, he is inhibited by the father for her children, as the old Homer teaches us. After the death of her father, her mother often turns into a stepmother ... ”And so on.