Shakespeare Features of the biography

Literature Facts: 13 of the most popular legends about Shakespeare Shakespeare was uneducated and stolen by other people's plots?

He really bequeathed his wife only to the bed and the second in quality? And he covered the grain reserves? Or did it not exist at all? We understand the new issue of the heading Legend 1. Shakespeare never wrote plays and sonnets, known today under his name Verdict: this is not true. The collection of the meeting "Master of Shakespeare Comedy, historical chronicles and tragedies." The more we learn about Shakespeare's life and work, the more attempts to prove that someone else wrote instead of him.

Like any conspiracy theory, anti -Strathordianism builds a false, simplified picture of the past. In fact, all the anti -Statfordians agree among themselves only in one thing: Shakespeare from Stratford could not be a brilliant poet and playwright most radical and completely refused him to exist. This argument was first formulated only in the middle of the XIX century, that is, more than the years of Shakespeare's death.

He was generated by the ideas of romantics who appreciated the originality of any creativity, since this is the cast of the author’s personality. It followed that every author, what he wrote about, always talks about himself. This situation, with many reservations, is true only for European and American literature of the 19th century, was easily transferred to other eras and culture.

He also could not know, as titled persons say and think, did not have the vast information in various fields of knowledge that are found in his plays, and was not abroad, including in Italy, where the action of his comedies often unfolds. Such a person was more likely to have low interests and think more about young ladies than art - this is a particularly terrible sin in the eyes of romantics.

For this, the anti -Strathordandians are ready for many answers, although all of them, in fact, are variations of one theory of conspiracy. Following the first question, another inevitably arises: if the conspiracy really took place, then why haven’t we yet found a single documentary certificate of it? According to the most popular anti -Straatfordian hypotheses, many people, sometimes several dozen, participated in such conspiracies, and it turns out that they all carried the secret with them to the grave.

The stories of many real conspiracies tell us that all the secret sooner or later it becomes clear. So, during the life of Shakespeare, in the first decades after his death, more precisely, up to a year, when the Puritan revolution began in England and theaters were closed for a long time. Not all of them were accompanied by the mention of the author, but starting from the year, Shakespeare's individual plays began to be sold under his name.

Shakespeare became a year after his father confirmed his right to the coat of arms. In total, four Shakespearean folio came out in the 17th century. In Stratford, London and other cities of Great Britain, evidence of baptism, marriage and death of both Shakespeare himself and his parents, brothers, sisters, wives and children have been preserved. The main answers to the Shakespearean question Legend 2.

Shakespeare was born in a rich family a verdict: this is definitely not known. The room in which Shakespeare was born. The picture of Henry Wallis. They had eight children, of which five survived. William was the third child in the family, but the oldest survivors. Then, in the life of Shakespeares, something happened: John stopped participating in the affairs of the city, did not even go to church, for which he fell on the lists of the slope.

One of the explanations - perhaps Shakespeare's father was a secret Catholic. For example, as a city economy manager - years, he had to lure the frescoes in the guild chapel of Stratford. The record of this was preserved in the minutes of the meetings of the city council, the frescoes were eventually wandered and completely disclosed only a few years ago. Then Shakespeares were impoverished - this happened after John's unsuccessful financial operations.

The family lost the inheritance of William’s mother: the farm under Stratford handed her to a relative, as well as all the houses and land plots that John bought to lease. Undoubtedly, he needed cash, and given that the assets were sold hastily and not always with profit, they were clearly required urgently. A whole heap of myths tells about the poverty of young William: he stopped going to school, because his father drew from among those whose children was taught for free, he supposedly had to work a lot in the shop so that the family could make ends with the ends, or even run to London to start a new life there.

A few years ago, Professor Glin Parry made one of the most important Shakespearean biographical discoveries over the past years without exaggeration. Working in the British National Archive, he found 21 a new document in which Shakespeare's father is mentioned. All finds are associated with court cases against John due to unpaid debts and fines. The sheets are written briefly and bring a minimum of details, but it is clear that private informants followed Shakespeare Sr., who reported his deals about his deeds and whether he was hiding funds.John Shakespeare with a family and five surviving children, obviously, was one of the lifators.

It is clear that the main and most monetary business of Shakespeare's father was illegal wool trade - in England of that time it was called Broging Broging. During the dumping, that is, artificially underestimating prices, he could sell large parties of the goods and illegally compete with legal merchants. And before the discoveries of Parry, it was known that John Shakespeare was put fines for such trade.

One of the actors of the troupe was Shakespeare .. The hired playwright paid five to six pounds for the play, and the shareholder in a popular company received at least 60-70 pounds a year by the end of the 16th century, or even about 3. In fact, Shakespeare was an actor, and the play wrote a verdict at his leisure: this is not quite true. Shakespeare and his friends in the Tavern "Mermaid".

John Faid's picture. For example, in March, the name of Shakespeare appeared in the Royal Treasury report-it contains an amount of 20 pounds paid by the Lorde Camerger troupe for the production of two plays at court during the Christmas festival. In such cases, two or three leading actors were usually mentioned. The fact that Shakespeare continued to go on stage and in later years, we know thanks to the editions of Ben Johnson's two plays - the comedy “Every Minor” and the tragedy “Seyan”.

Shakespeare is mentioned in both lists. Finally, he is called the actor the compilers of the first folio and even placed at the head of the list of other actors who played in all the plays included in this volume. When did Shakespeare write plays? Of course, when he did not speak on stage and was not busy at rehearsals. Actors and representatives of other theatrical professions of the Elizabethan and Yakovian eras were to constantly take care of their enterprise in order to increase earnings.

The competition between theaters and individual troupes was high, the performances went almost every day and began at about two in the afternoon, while it was still light. Most likely, the morning was taken to rehearsals, and the evening was a time for learning new roles. It turns out that the late evening and part of the night remained to compose the plays by Shakespeare.

But can this time be called leisure? Direct part in the performances and close communication with the troupe were necessary for Shakespeare-Drama. For example, the main roles in Shakespearean tragedies and historical chronicles, including Richard III, Romeo, Hamlet and King Lear, were created for the troupe star - Richard Berbage, and the role of Falstaf was the best suited to Willa Kempu when Kemp was quarreled with other shareholders and left the troupe, Falstaf had to be dead, even though it was urgent.

The audience was promised that they would see the "fat Jack" in the new historical chronicle "Henry V". For Shakespeare, playing on stage and work on new plays were inextricably linked. Legend 4. Many of Shakespeare's plays are written in collaboration with other playwrights Verdict: this is partly true. The perfect portrait of William Shakespeare. Giorge Hall painting.

We are also approximately known to us by names and sometimes by brief retelling. In total, during this period it could be written before the plays. Joking jokes, but Shakespearers are well aware that for the development of science, they have to turn to problems that were previously considered unsolvable. It has long been known that the work of playwrights in co -authorship was quite characteristic of the English theater of that era.

We know very little about how the co -authors worked, although there are many proven examples of collaborations. In the only surviving entry-expanded book of the theater entrepreneur and the co-owner of the troupe of the servants of the Lord Admiral Philip Henslo, there are records of issuing money to dramatus advance or after the passage of the play. For example, in the year, Henzlo first issued an advance by Henry to Chettlu for part of the play “Patient Griseld”, and a month later - another, but already three authors - clear, Thomas Dexketer and William Hoton, then the advances received deck separately, separately Hoton and again all three.

If Henlo's consumable book had not been preserved, we would never have known who worked on Grishelda .. However, the consumables of the Shakespearean troupe did not reach us. Judging by the plays entering the first Folio, Shakespeare participated in collaborations at the very beginning and at the very end of his career. The editors of the meeting suggest that these were Christopher Marlo for all three parts, Thomas Nash for the first part and another or more or more authors unknown to us.

When creating his late plays, Shakespeare was probably like the master, ruling and complementing the work of his younger colleagues, primarily Thomas Midleton and John Fletcher of the full -time playwright of the Shakespearean company after the death of Shakespeare. For some time she was preserved in the archive of the manager of royal amusements, he acted as a theatrical censor, and now he is in the British library.

The manuscript consists of six parts written in different handwriting.One of them is considered the only surviving Autographer Shakespeare, the rest belong to other authors - already mentioned Dexker and Chettla, Anthony Mandy, Thomas Haywood and a certain scribe who simply made a white version of the text. There are quite a lot of plays that are precisely or almost accurately written in co -authorship.

It is probably almost impossible to say something here. Is there a reliable way to prove co -authorship? For this, there are scientific methods of attribution. Alas, it turns out not always evidence - including because no one knows which parameters are more precise. What to rely on: on the frequency of official words of prepositions, unions, particles, or, conversely, significant?

Shakespeare was not formed a verdict: this is not true. The turn of the meeting of the plays "Master of Shakespeare Comedy, historical chronicles and tragedies." In the XIV -XVI centuries, the humanists called those who considered the main sign of human dignity the beauty and expressiveness of speech - the only “natural” skill inaccessible to animals.

They found samples of perfect eloquence in antiquity - an era in which, in their opinion, the highest heyday of sciences and arts reigned. The humanists believed that only by mastering the classic Latin and Greek, one can approach the golden eyelid. Against this background, the English kings from the Tudor dynasty held a large -scale school reform that had no analogues in the past.