Biography of King Fedor Alekseevich

As a rule, the tsar and the autocrat of the All -Russian Subject of the All -Russian Subject, as a rule, speaking about the Russian rulers of the XVII century, after Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich call him the sons of Ivan and Peter. Well, and, of course, the daughter of Sophia. But they don’t even remember about the eldest son Fyodor. It was as if it were not in Russian history, although it was his many undertakings that were continued by his brother Peter I.

And forever remained connected in history with the name of Peter, but this is not so. In the Historical Park "Russia-My History" the period of the reign of Fedor Romanov is described in sufficient detail. Even in the year, Alexei Mikhailovich appointed the heir to the throne of the eldest son Fyodor. And only two years later, Fedor already received the royal crown of the suddenly deceased autocrat of the All -Russian Tsar Alexei I Mikhailovich.

He was educated under the leadership of Simeon Polotsk, an outstanding theologian, a church preacher and writer, who became the main mentor of tsarist children. In many ways, Fedor's idea of ​​the tsarist power were formed under the influence of Simeon of Polotsk. Fedor was perfectly educated. He knew Latin well and spoke freely in Polish. Unfortunately, Fedor Alekseevich was not good health, since childhood he was weak and painful, however, he passionately loved horses and firing from onions.

Unlike his father, Fedor ruled on his own, with him there was no first minister. The embassy orders, instead of the first minister, were in charge of the clerks, and the position of chancellor was held by the small administrator Dementia Minich Bashmakov. Despite the struggle of court groups trying to influence the king, Fedor delved into all state affairs. Under Fedor, the center of gravity of state decisions has moved to the Duma.

A number of Fyodor's government reforms were aimed at centralizing power and strengthening the positions of the nobility. Much of what was prepared or begun in a short period of the reign of Fedor Alekseevich was continued in the reforms of his younger brother Peter I. He abolished the order of secret affairs, then a monastic order was abolished. Members' penalties - cuts off the arms, legs, fingers were canceled.

Instead, a link to Siberia has been introduced. By the way, the link has become one of the methods of colonization of the huge Siberian region, its agricultural development. By this time, European countries widely used the work of convicts for the development of navigation and the development of colonies. Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in the south of Russia, there was the possibility of a wide endowment of nobles who sought to increase land possessions, estates and estates.

A general courtyard was carried out in the country, as a result of which the tax system changed. Instead of numerous taxes, a single one was introduced - the so -called "Streltsky money", which went to the maintenance of the Streltsky army.

Tax reform is carried out. The reason and the basis for starting the reform became a huge size permanent arrears. Instead of many requisitions, a single tax was introduced, which was now levied not by land, but in the lift. In general, the salary was reduced, arrears are forgiven. At the head of the financial institutions of the Moscow state, the order of a large treasury was the order.

The order of the large treasury was transferred to the money yard and customs and Kabatsky fees, as well as all financial affairs scattered to various departments. A system of "discharges" was created, according to which all service people of the state, except for the inhabitants of the Volga region and Siberia, were divided into 9 military districts according to the territorial principle.

You can find out more about this by visiting the historical park "Russia-My History". One of Fyodor's most radical steps was the abolition of localism, that is, the official hierarchy, depending on the nobility of origin. In the hallway of the State Chamber, discharge books were burned in which the fighting deeds of the ancestors were entered. From now on, appointments began to depend not only on antiquity and merits of the genus, but also on the personal merits of the applicant.

Fedor Alekseevich ruled the country for only six years. Part of this time was taken by the war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate because of Ukraine. After the battle of Chigirin, during the war with Turkey, according to the decree of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich, the first military-time hospital appeared in Moscow for the treatment of military-wounded patients of all sorts of officials who are wounded by ...

"service in Chigirin and Chigirin." And then the construction of state -owned ones began for the elderly, which the doctors of the pharmaceutical order and shelters for orphans and children of wretched parents were to serve. A purely technical education was introduced in the shelters, fortification, architecture, and geometry were studied. Fedor advocated the opening of a higher educational institution in Moscow-the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, but the Academy opened after his death.

Fedor Alekseevich sought to reorganize the army, replace the noble militia with regular troops - regiments of the new system. The Duma met the reform in bayonets, the discussion was accompanied by abuse and protracted disputes.The draft reorganization of the army was sent to specially created commissions, where there were not only representatives of central institutions, but also the city nobility.

Fyodor Alekseevich approved the “Private of the Moscow Academy” - the Charter of the First Russian University. The ambulance of the king did not allow the idea of ​​creating a university. The last months of the king’s life were overshadowed by a big grief: his wife died from childbirth, and a newborn heir also died with his mother. Fedor I Alekseevich Romanov died of aggravation of scurvy on April 27 at the age of 22 years.

After the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, the question arose of his heir on the Russian throne. After all, the king not only did not leave the direct heir to the throne, but also did not call his successor. Two younger brothers Fedor and Sophia could claim the royal crown: sixteen -year -old Ivan Alekseevich, a sick, dull, “mournful head”, and ten -year -old Pyotr Alekseevich, a well -developed child, a well -developed child.

There was no law on the throne, so everything was supposed to be decided in the struggle between the court boyar parties. Read more about this time period in the historical park "Russia-My History".