Biographies Lipetsk

In the lowest layers are dokambrian breeds - granites, shales, quartzites, on which sedimentary breeds of various ages are located in the form of layers. Basically in the context, carbonate limestone deposits of the middle and upper Devonus prevail - the period when a deep continental sea was located in the territory of the modern Lipetsk region. Above the limestones of the Devon, there are sands of chalk deposits with the lenses of clay, quartz and glandular sandstones.

Neogene formations prevail in the upper layers of the cut- finely and distracted sands, as well as clay with a capacity of up to 3 m. In the neogenous period in a large territory, including the modern Lipetsk region, the tectonic movements of the earth's crust occurred, as a result of which a hill was formed, called the Central Russian. As a place of drainage of powerful streams of water from the northern sections of the Russian plain to the southeast, a huge base part was formed-the Oksko-Don plain, which is an area of ​​erosive erosics and deposits of lake-river sands and clays.

The capacity of the deposits of this period is from 4 to 19 m. In the upper layers, deposits of the quarter era are ubiquitous - cover loams, sands, sandy loam, clay - river alluvial origin or formed as a result of the glacier. On the territory of the city, their capacity is from several meters to 70 m. The city of Lipetsk is located on the border of the transition of the Central Russian Upland to the Oksko-Donskaya lowland.

One of the most interesting geological objects on its territory is a stone log - a deep ravine that cuts out the city from its western outskirts to the eastern, where it rests on the river of Voronezh. A small Lipovka river flows at the bottom of the stone log, and powerful rocks of the Yelets of the Upper Devonian limestones are observed along its slopes, some of which are located near the high hill - the limestone remains the so -called Lipetsk settlement.

Limestone was used as building material for the construction and paving of the streets, back in the era of Peter the Great, its industrial booty began - in the ravine the student logs were built, on the site of which in the city of At the worked out part of the deposit there are powerful limestone cliffs, where there are fossils of different periods - polychets, sponge, as well as fossil brachiopodes; At the bottom of the quarry there is a lake that formed as a result of the autopsy during the mining works of the Zadon-Eletsky Aquatic Horizon.

The lake is fed by groundwater outputs on the day surface. The Zadon-Eletsky Aquarius Horizon is located mainly in the right bank of the Voronezh River and completely shakes up south of the city of Lipetsk within the river valley. Its underground waters are confined to the cracked limestones of the Yelets and Zadonsky horizons. It is he who is the main source of drinking water supply to the population of the city.

One of the large milestones in the historical and economic development of the city is also associated with underground waters: based on sources of glandular mineral waters, according to the legend of discovered by Peter I, in the city of glandular mineral springs existed at the Lipetsk resort before the x. Currently, mineral waters of a different composition are used-chloride-sulfate-sodium waters of the Vorobyevsky Aquatic Horizon, developed in the city everywhere.

The relief nature of the relief of the territory of the city is determined by its location at the junction of the Central Russian Upland and the Oksko-Don Plain. There are two sharply different forms of relief. The western part, occupied by spurs of the Central Russian Upland, is noticeably higher than the eastern one, which is occupied by the Oksko-Don lowland.

Part of the Central Russian Upland, lying within the city,, according to the name of the southern cliff between the Voronezh and Don rivers, is called Professor V. Semenov-Shan-Shan “Chernivniy Yars”. This name comes from ravines - yarns, the slopes of which are painted red with iron oxides. Their relief within the city is hilly. The ravine network here is branched and extremely confused and forms an erosion hilly relief, an example of which is a typical hill of the settlement in the center of the city, lying at the mouth of the stone log.

Within the upper part of the city, the squamous yars have a height up to m above sea level. In the eastern direction from the Voronezh River, the territory of the Oksko-Donskaya lowland with a height m above the sea level near the river valley, which gradually rises to the east, is overgrown with forests. Here, ravines are almost absent, replacing the swampy cavities-beams with a small slope of the shores, feeding the system of swamps and rivers widely branched here with a barely noticeable flow.

In the development of the city’s relief, the role of fluvial processes associated with the activity of fluid waters is also great. So, the Voronezh River with its tributaries, destroying and washing the rocks in one place, applies these breeds in another. The shape of the surface of the water division Don - Voronezh is closely related to the activity of many rivers and ravines.Within the city, the most famous ravines are stone logs, a student log, a Dikinsky log, a cheese ravine.

The weather and climatic conditions of the Lipetsk climate are defined as moderate-content, with a hot summer and a rather cold winter. It differs in the general instability of the weather with temperature fluctuations and the uneven loss of atmospheric precipitation by seasons. Precipitation falls about mm per year, the maximum in July. The average annual wind rose in the city has a circular configuration and provides good purges of the territory in all directions of the wind.

Lipetsk water resources are rich in water bodies. On its territory there are both large and small rivers, as well as ponds and lakes. The main river of the city is the Voronezh River. Its length within the borders of the city from the village. Yellow sands to the Trinity bridge are 30 km. Almost throughout its length, the Voronezh River is a calmly current water stream, a width of the average m.

Reaching the Petrovsky bridge, the river is poured by a Lipetsk reservoir, which is also called Lipetsk Lake. It was created by erecting a retaining threshold. Its width on the diameter is 1 km. Below the fixing threshold, the river again begins to narrow up to 90 m. There are underwater pits up to 12 m deep, formed as a result of the work of dredgers during the Naberezhnoye Naberezhnaya in the area of ​​p.

Sitovka is a place where the maximum is recorded both within the territory of the city of Lipetsk and within the river in the Lipetsk region, the depth of the Voronezh River is 13.6 m Sitovskaya pit. In general, the Voronezh River is characterized by shallow areas, annually overgrown with aquatic vegetation, their depth does not exceed, 5 m. Below the Oktyabrsky bridge, the river begins to wriggle its current to mending strongly, while narrowing to 20 m.

It’s caught here, stamped, swampy, overgrown with echinocystis of Lapisny.

Behind the Trinity bridge, the river crosses the city line towards the south. Voronezh tributaries are diverse in their internal nature and in external form: the rivers of the left bank-steppe, marshy lane in nature, the rivers of the right bank are rivers of a ravine-mountain type. The right tributaries of the Voronezh Lipovka and a student within the city have a more steep fall than Voronezh, and represent in dry times the channels with a weak current, sometimes disappearing under pebbles and sand, in the upper livals or melting of snow, a significant and sudden lifting of water or a water shaft appears.

Lipovka dissects the right -bank part of the city into two parts. The student originates in line with the jelly log and is a mining river, but in dry times forms an intermittent chain of lakes and swamps, therefore, the designation “stream” is often applied to a student stream. Opposite the Sokolsky beach, the Matyr River, located outside the city line, flows into the Voronezh River.

The rivers of wild, Syrian and others that exist relatively recently, to the present moment, have dry and water in them appears only in spring or after strong rainfalls. In the floodplain part of the Voronezh River in the city, small small lakes-old-year-olds are quite numerous. The largest lakes of artificial origin include silicate lakes in the area of ​​the village of Silikatnaya Plant, the system of ponds of the Ouscaurines of the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant and the Free Sokol plant.

The city also has numerous artificial ponds of Komsomolsky, several treasury ponds, a pond in Studenov’s career and others, the most famous of which was the Petrovsky pond located in the lower park. Soils of soils in Lipetsk are quite rich and diverse. On the sloping hilly shores, the chernozem lies here a poorer, in low -powered flat places - more powerful and fertile, underlyed by loams.

The soils of terraces of the left bank of the Voronezh River, compared to the high steppe part of the right bank, are much poorer than humus, carbon dioxide and clay, as they approach the Voronezh River, they cease to be loamy and luminant and gradually turn into absolutely sandy ones. The thickness of the soil layer also decreases. Sand soils are located on the left bank near the river and a little higher than the ribbon -like ribbon -like sandy sands with a thin layer of turf and a small amount of humus.

On the steep slopes of the Voronezh River and its tributaries, the soil is often completely washed off, the outputs of indigenous species are visible here. On the slopes of the Cathedral Mountain and the western border of the upper park there are exits of ore horizons and Devonian limestones. Flora and fauna on the state of the flora and fauna of the city have a significant impact of various natural and anthropogenic factors.So, due to the more dusty and smoky compared to natural complexes of the atmospheres, the plants receive less than the necessary solar radiation, important for the processes of photosynthesis, in the heat conditions of the city the upper soil layers in the summer are heavily heated, and in winter they freeze, which is detrimental primarily for root systems, asphalt and concrete coatings and the curled soil layers do not give The plants of the necessary moisture, and the depleted and contaminated with various chemicals, city soils are full nutrition.

Therefore, the composition of urbanoflora is more similar to the composition of the flora of more southern zones - there are more drought -resistant, resilients to salting, tolerating the heat and the action of other natural and anthropogenic factors. In the territory of Lipetsk, in addition to strongly urbanized biotopes, a flooded complex, a forest -park area close to natural territories, are preserved.

Examples of territories with a slightly altered habitat, where the places of existence of local species are preserved, are some sections of the upper and lower parks, fragments of the settled slopes of stone logs and jacket logs, coastal-water complexes along the banks of the Voronezh River. This applies to the flora and the fauna of the city. In Lipetsk and its recreational zone, there are species of ground vertebrates, of which species of birds, species of mammals, 36 species of amphibians, 13 species of reptiles.

In the floodplains of rivers, forest parks, parks and squares, as well as the industrial zone, where sumps of enterprises play the role of reserves, a significant number of representatives of the wild fauna are preserved. Shalnev B. Schalnev, V. Belyaeva [et al. Kochurov; LGPU. Kolesnikov, G. Lebedinsky, N. Markov et al. Strelnikova T. Strelnikova, N. Klimov, I. Klimov, A. Karandeev, A.

Zemlyanukhin; LGPU, Ecology Office of the administration of Kamensky V. on the pass: a collection of statistical information on Lipetsk district for the city of Petrov V. Petrov, Yu. Svitin N.